صادرات و واردات گندم و فرآوردههای آن
رویدادها
01۲۰۱۱NDAA Section 1245 targets Central Bank of Iranقوت ارتباط
Section 1245 of the FY2012 National Defense Authorization Act requires blocking the US-jurisdiction property of Iranian financial institutions including the Central Bank of Iran (CBI), and threatens foreign banks that knowingly conduct significant CBI transactions with loss of direct access to the US financial system -- a major escalation targeting Iran's oil-revenue payment channels that helps trigger the rial's collapse the following year.
چرایی این پیوند: Wheat import quantity rose from 592,000 tonnes (2011) to 5,696,000 tonnes (2012), +862%. Food and medicine were nominally exempt from the 2011-12 sanctions escalation (NDAA Central Bank sanctions, EU oil embargo, SWIFT disconnection), but the near-total banking blockade made even exempt trade very hard to finance through normal correspondent-banking channels, and Iran is separately documented in press reporting to have resorted to gold shipments and oil-for-wheat barter arrangements to secure grain imports in this exact window.
ملاحظه: The dominant driver is very likely non-policy: Iran's own wheat harvest fell sharply in 2011 (8.68m tonnes vs. 12.14m tonnes in 2010 per this project's own wheat-production chart, a ~28% domestic shortfall) which alone would explain a large import increase regardless of sanctions. The sanctions-banking-friction channel is offered as a secondary, harder-to-isolate complicating factor, not the primary driver -- confidence kept low.
تأخیر اثر: immediate to 1 yearمنبع: U.S. Department of State -- Section 1245 of the NDAA for Fiscal Year 2012