کل بازپرداخت بدهی (درصد از صادرات کالا، خدمات و درآمد اولیه)_

رویدادها

1. 01۱۹۸۹First Post-War Five-Year Plan (Rafsanjani reconstruction)قوت ارتباط

   Rafsanjani government begins post-war economic liberalization and reconstruction planning after Khomeini's death (June 1989).

   چرایی این پیوند: Debt service climbed from 5.2% of exports (1992) to a peak of 31.2% (1997) as the short-term trade credit taken on during the 1989-93 reconstruction-financed investment boom (see the external-debt-stock chart) came due -- the well-documented mid-1990s Iranian external-debt crisis that forced informal rescheduling with European creditors around 1994.

   ملاحظه: This project's timeline/iran.csv does not contain a dated '1994 debt rescheduling' event (a genuine gap noted here rather than fabricated) -- this justification rests on the debt-stock buildup documented in the companion chart plus well-established secondary economic history, not a matched timeline row for the rescheduling itself.

   تأخیر اثر: 4+ year lagمنبع: Iran Data Portal (Syracuse University)
2. 02۲۰۱۲SWIFT disconnection and oil-export sanctionsقوت ارتباط

   Major Iranian banks cut off from SWIFT messaging; US NDAA sanctions target foreign purchasers of Iranian oil, triggering a sharp rial depreciation through 2012-13.

   چرایی این پیوند: Debt service fell from 2.7% of exports (2008) to under 1% for almost the entire 2012-2024 period as the sanctions regime progressively cut Iran off from international credit markets, making new public/publicly-guaranteed borrowing difficult to arrange.

   ملاحظه: Direction is coded 'mixed' deliberately: while the debt-service ratio 'improves' (falls), the driver is financial isolation and exclusion from credit access rather than genuine debt-sustainability success -- a low ratio here is not good news.

   تأخیر اثر: gradual over 3+ yearsمنبع: USIP Iran Primer — Timeline of U.S. Sanctions